Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland (c.1595), Nicholas Hilliard
Lucy, Countess of Bedford (c.1606), Isaac Oliver
Lake Nemi (c.1788) John Robert Cozens
Shakespeare Cliff, Dover (c. 1825), J. M. W. Turner
The Magic Apple Tree (c. 1830), Samuel Palmer
Venice, Storm at Sunset. Turner, Joseph Mallord William (British, 1775-1851). Watercolour and bodycolour with pen and red ink and scratching out on paper, 1840-1842.
Still life flowers in a jar (c. 1890), Paul Cézanne
Paul Durand-Ruel in his gallery in Paris, c1910. Photograph: Dornac/ AACV
“Wɖt hm, sd Mone, w wd’nt hv svîvd.
So ynivrsli popylr r ɖ Imprešnists tde, it’s hād t imajin a tîm ẇn ɖe wr’nt. Bt in ɖ ŕli 1870z ɖe strugld t b axptd. Šund bî ɖ ātistablišmnt, ɖe wr īvn lambastd az lūṇtcs bî wn critc.
Wn man, hvr, recgnîzd ɖer wrʈ fṛm ɖ bginñ. Pwl Dŭrã-Ruel, an ontṛpṛnŕı̣l ātdīlr fṛm Paris, dscuvrd ɖs grūp v yuñ ātists – includñ Mone, Degā, Mane, Renwā, Pīsaro n Sisle – n gambld.
Paul Durand-Ruel’s grand salon at Rue de Rome, with Renoir’s ‘Dance in the City’ on the left (Picture: Archives Durand-Ruel)
Riylîzñ ɖ fašnbl ptenšl v ɖer ḍrîdd imprešnz v ŕbn n sbŕbn lîf, Dŭrã-Ruel dedicetd ɖ rest v hiz lîf t bildñ an ōdı̣ns fr ɖer wrc – crietñ ɖ modn ātmācit in ɖ prôses.
Sč wz hiz prsviṛns, Dŭrã-Ruel nirli bancruptd hmslf twîs, bfr sxesfli glôblîzñ hiz oṗrešn wɖ âtposts in Lundn, Bruslz n Ny Ywc, n istablišñ ɖ wn-man šo az ɖ inṭnašnl nwm fr xbišnz.
Ɖ Imprešnists – a trm frst yzd ḍrogtvli bî critcs – wz t bcm ɖ hâshold nem ɖt standz tde.
Invntñ Imprešnizm fīčrz 85 mastrpìsz fṛm ɖ muvmnt, ol bt wn hvñ pást ʈru Dŭrã-Ruel’z handz, includñ ʈri v Renwā’z fems Dansz n fîv fṛm Mone’z Popḷrz siriz.”
The Sheepfold, Moonlight, 1856-60 by Jean-François Millet. Photograph: Alamy
Edouard Manet’s Boy with a Sword, 1861. Photograph: Alamy
Manet’s sketch for his 1882 work A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
Édouard Manet, Music in the Tuileries Gardens (1862) Photo: The National Gallery
Édouard Manet: The Battle of the U.S.S. “Kearsarge” and the C.S.S. “Alabama”, 1864
Claude Monet, The Thames below Westminster, about 1871. Oil on canvas. Picture: The National Gallery, London
The Artist’s Garden (detail), Monet, 1873 (Picture: Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC)
The Ballet Class, Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas. Oil on canvas, about 1880. (Picture: Philadelphia Museum of Art)
Two Sisters (on the Terrace)’, 1881, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir
The daughters of Paul Durand-Ruel, Marie-Thérèse and Jeanne, Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Oil on canvas, 1882. (Picture: Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Dance in the Country, 1883, Oil on canvas (Picture: RMN-Grand Palais (musée d’Orsay) / Hervé Lewandowski)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir: Paul Durand-Ruel in 1910 (Archives Durand-Ruel)
Mary Cassatt: The Child’s Bath, 1893. Art Institute of Chicago
Miss Nelly O’Brien, c.1762–1764. Oil on canvas, 126.3 x 101 cm. The Wallace Collection
“Ɖz r grt pêntñz. Renldz z nt stêd at ol. H’z ɖ pwtritist v ɖ Inlîtnmnt, a dẹrñ ātist hu capčrd a dẹrñ êj. (Joṇʈn Jônz, Ɖ Gādı̣n)
Jýn s fr an xibišn ɖt pṛvîdz a freš pspctv on a târñ figr v Britiš pêntñ.
Jošua Renldz z wîdli rgādd az wn v ɖ grtst pwtritists v ɖ 18ʈ senčri. Seḷbretd fr capčrñ ɖ līdñ figrz n gliṭrāti v hiz de, h olso helpt istabliš a dstnctv Britiš scūl v pêntñ. Hvr, Renldz’ repytešn az an istablišmntātist mascs hiz unqenčbl ʈrst fr iṇvešn n hiz xperimentl aproč t ɖ practis n mtirı̣lz v pêntñ.
Ɖs xibišn ofrz a snapšot v Jošua Renldz’ crietv prôses, n rvilz dscuvriz md jrñ a for-yir rsrčprojct intu ɖ âtstandñ c̣lẋn v hiz wrcs at ɖ Wolis C̣lẋn. W hv ṣlctd nt onli significnt pwtrits bt lesr nôn fansīpicčrz n a rer histrīpêntñ, ol v ẇč r šôn sîd bî sîd. Amñ ɖ wrcs on dsple r fems picčrz sč az Neli O’Brayn, Msz Abñtn az Mis Pru n Renldz’z ôn Slfpwtrit Šêdñ ɖ Îz.
Bî fôc̣sñ on ɖ ʈīmz v xperimentešn n iṇvešn, w três Renldz’z wrcñpractis in tu wez: on ɖ mtirı̣l levl, ʈru hiz ys v pigmnts n mīdia; n on a cnsepčl levl, ʈru hiz dveḷpmnt v comṗzišn n naṛtv. Ẇt imrjz z a vižn v Renldz az a paynirñ pêntr, hîli orijinl in hiz apročz t pictwrı̣l comṗzišn. Ɖs drîv t iṇvešn z xemplifîd in hiz ambišs alužnz t ɖ grt mastrz v ɖ past, sč az Tišn n Rembrant n hiz obsesv tendnsi t rīwrc n rvîz hiz imijz az h pêntd.
Renldz’z pwtrits nt onli dpictd ɖ culrfl ssayti in ẇč h livd, renjñ fṛm ɖ actṛs Msz Abñtn, ɖ scanḍḷs Citi Fišr n ɖ sošl clîmrMsz Nezbit, bt wr ofn ɖ product v a c̣labṛtv rlešnšp btwn ātist n sitr. Renldz xplord ɖ psbltiz v pfwmns n rôlple wɖ ɖ sitrz, ẇl at ɖ sem tîm drōñ on ɖer culrfl bîogṛfiz t prsṇlîz ɖer pwtričr.
Mrs Mary Nesbitt, 1781. Oil on canvas, 75.5 x 62.5 cm. The Wallace Collection
Spanñ most v Renldz’z c̣rir, ɖs xibišn demnstrets ɖ šir dvrṣti v hiz ātistc pṛduẋn n pṛvîdz an eḷqnt n ṣprîzñ insît intu ɖ crietv prôsesz v ɖs rmāc̣bl n imensli pṛlific Britiš ātist.”
Carolus-Duran, 1879. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts (photo by Michael Agee).
Ramón Subercaseaux, c.1880. The Dixon Gallery and Gardens, Memphis, Tennessee
‘Édouard and Marie-Louise Pailleron’ (1881)
Dr. Pozzi at Home 1881. Oil on canvas. 79 3/8 x 40 1/4 in. (201.6 x 102.2 cm). The Armand Hammer Collection
Robert Louis Stevenson and His Wife, by John Singer Sargent, 1885. Photograph: Dwight Primiano/NPG
Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, 1885-6
Robert Louis Stevenson, 1887. Taft Museum of Art, Cincinnati, Ohio
‘Claude Monet Painting by the Edge of a Wood’, 1888
Paul Helleu sketching with his wife (An Out-of-Doors Study), 1889. Brooklyn Museum of Art
La Carmencita, 1890. Paris, Musée d’Orsay
W. Graham Robertson,1894
An Artist in His Studio, 1904. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Group with Parasols, c.1904-5. Private Collection
Henry James, 1913
“Jon Sñr Sājnt (1856-1925) wz ɖ grtst pwtritpêntr v hiz jeṇrešn. Aclemd on bʈ sîdz v ɖ Atlantc, h wz clôsli cnctd t mni v ɖ uɖr līdñ ātists, raitrz, actrz n myzišnz v ɖ tîm. Hiz pwtrits v ɖz frendz n cntmprriz, includñ Ōgūst Rodĩ, Clwd Mone n Robt Lui Stīvnsn, wr rerli cmišnd n alaud hm t criet mr intiṃt n xperimntl wrcs ɖn wz psbl in hiz fwml pwtričr.
Ɖs mêjr xibišn v ovr sevnti pwtrits spanz Sājnt’s tîm in Lundn, Paris, Bostn n Ny Ywc az wel az hiz travlz in ɖ Itałn n Ñgliš cuntrīsîd. Impwtnt lounz fṛm gaḷriz n prîvt c̣lẋnz in Yṛp n America mc ɖs an unmiṣbl oṗtyṇti t dscuvr ɖ ātist’s most dẹrñ, prsnl n dstnctv pwtrits.
PARIS, 1874-1885
Born in Floṛns in 1856 t an xpatrı̣t Americn cupl, Jon Sñr Sājnt spent hiz fwṃtv yirz turñ Yṛpiyn sitiz n rzwts. On dsîdñ t studi pêntñ in Paris, h inrold at ɖ École des Beaux Arts in 1874 ẇl simlteňsli dveḷpñ hiz briłnt gifts az a pêntr undr ɖ tīčñ v Carolūs-Dŭrã, a fašṇbl Frenč pwtritist.
Sājnt wz at īz in ɖ wrld v Paris stydioz n fwmd frendšps wɖ a wîd renj v Frenč ātists n felo xpatrı̣ts. Wn v hiz clôsist frendz wz Pwl Êlu, ɖ eḷgnt pêntr n ečr v ɖ bômõd. H sōt ât Clwd Mone, hu wd rmen a lîfloñ frend v bʈ men, n Ōgūst Rodĩ, a tîtn v ɖ Frenč ātwrld. Sājnt wz xpšnli wîdli réd, ispešli in ɖ Frenč clasics, bt olso in cntmprri litṛčr.
An ŕli pêtṛn, ɖ Frenč plêrît Edwād Pîerõ, cmišnd pwtrits v hmslf, hiz wîf n hiz čildṛn, fr ẇč Sājnt wz cmperd t Von Dêc. Ɖ ātist wz a giftd piynist n a pašṇt myzicoḷjist. Hiz moḍnist cridnšlz wr demnstretd bî hiz admirešn fr ɖ myzic v Ričd Vāgṇr, n olso bî hiz inʈyziastc rspons t Spaniš myzic n dans, ẇč inspîrd fḷmnco picčrz n pwtrits.
BRWDWE, 1885-1889
Sājnt’s mastrpìs, Cānešn, Lili, Lili, Rôz, wz pêntd ẇn h wz btwn lîf in Paris n Lundn (1885-6). Ɖ ātist’s dsižn t muv rezidns fṛm wn t ɖ uɖr cem at a tîm v crîsis, ẇn hiz c̣rir wz in jeṗdi aftr hiz pṛvoc̣tv pwtrit v Madam X (Madam Pier Gôtro) cōzd a scandl at ɖ Paris Ṣlon in 1884. H fând solis in ɖ Anglo-Americn coḷni v ātists n raitrz in ɖ Cotswold vilij v Brwdwe, ẇč includd ɖ Americn ātists Franc Milit n Edwin Ostin Abi, ɖ Ñgliš iḷstretr Fred Bānād, n ɖ raitrz Henri Jêmz n Edṃnd Gos. Hir h pêntd hiz fems gādnpicčr, a cnstructd sìn yzñ ɖ Bānād dwtrz az modlz, n pwtrits v uɖr membrz v ɖ cmyṇti, includñ Lili Milit n Alis Bānād.
In Bwnṃʈ, at ɖs sem pirı̣d, h capčrd ɖ wîri frem n nrvs eṇji v ɖ raitr Robt Lui Stīvnsn in tu intns caṛcṭrîzešnz. Sājnt wz xperimentñ wɖ an Impreṣ̌nist paḷt, pêntñ vivid scečz v felo ātists at wrc ât-v-dorz, includñ Clwd Mone n Pwl Êlu, n landscêps az avãgād az eni biyñ pṛdyst in Ñgḷnd at ɖ tîm.
BOSTN n NY YWC, 1888-1912
Sājnt nvr gev p hiz Americn sitiznšp. H wz at hom in Bostn n Ny Ywc, ẇr h hd mni frendz n pêtṛnz n a brjnñ repytešn. In ɖ fwmr siti h carid ʈru hiz tu grt myṛl scīmz v dec̣rešn, in ɖ Bostn Public Lîbrri n ɖ Myziym v Fîn Āts.
In 1890, Sājnt hd ɖ oṗtyṇti v pêntñ sm v ɖ grt Americn actrz v ɖ êj fr ɖ Pleyrz Club in Ny Ywc, includñ Edwin Buɖ n Loṛns Baṛt. A fy yirz lêtr h pêntd ɖ Šêxpirı̣n actṛs Êda Riyn, n dru Mẹri Anḍsn. 1890 wz ɖ yir in ẇč Sājnt pêntd ɖ flamboynt Spaniš dansr Cāmenʈita, hu intranst Ny Ywc ōdı̣nsz wɖ hr fḷmnco dansñ.
Myzic wz a bond wɖ Iẓbela Stywt Gādnr, wn v Bostn’z culčṛl līdrz, t hūm h gev ɖ pwtrit v ɖ cmpozr Čālz Mātin Lrfḷr az a brʈdêgift.
LUNDN, 1889-1913
Sājnt wz imrst in ɖ vîbṛnt culčṛl lîf v Lundn, n a frend t mni ātists, raitrz n myzišnz. In ɖ 1890z, h wz imrjñ az ɖ līdñ Anglo-Americn pwtritpêntr v hiz jeṇrešn, n mcñ hiz māc az a myṛlist wɖ hiz cmišn, Ɖ Trîumf v Rlijn, fr ɖ Bostn Public Librri.
In 1894 Sājnt pêntd ɖ êjñ Ñgliš powt Covntri Patmor n, bî contrast, ɖ raitr n iḷstretr W. Greym Robtsn, ɖ ipiṭmi v yʈ n isʈetc rfînmnt. Ɖ noṿlist Jwj Meṛdiʈ n ɖ powt Wiłm Butḷr Yêts bʈ sat t Sājnt fr čācoldrōñz, n in 1913 ɖ ātist’s intiṃt frend Henri Jêmz, fr a pêntñ t seḷbret hiz 70ʈ brʈde.
Sājnt wz xtrimli influenšl on ɖ Lundn myzicl sìn, pṛmotñ ɖ c̣rirz v mni myzišnz, amñ ɖm ɖ Frenč cmpozr Gabriel Fore. Ɖ Lundn ʈiytr z reprizntd bî ɖ ṣprb pwtrit v Eḷn Teri az Lêdi Mcbeʈ, a ʈiatricl n ātistc turd’fws; bî ɖ enigmatc Itałn actṛs Elionora Dūse, in a strenj n mstirı̣s imij, n bî ɖ plêrît n actrmaṇjr Hāli Granvil-Bācr, hu revluṣ̌nîzd ʈiatricl pṛduẋnz.
YṚP, 1899-1914
In ɖ pirı̣d aftr 1900, Sājnt agn trnd t landscêp az a rlif fṛm pwtritcmišnz, travlñ č sumr n ōtm t ɖ Alps, Venis n suɖn Yṛp. H wz inverı̣bli acumṗnid bî frendz, hu, f nt olwz in ɖ top flît v ātists, wr sbstanšl n taḷntd ppl. H md a pýnt v pêntñ ɖm az ɖe scečt, pirñ az it wr ovr ɖer šoldrz t si ẇt ɖe r dwñ.
Ɖz picčrz mt b cnstrud az a fwm v slfpwtričr, ɖ ātist myzñ on hiz ôn rôl in rcwdñ ɖ načṛl wrld ẇl wočñ uɖrz at wrc. W r preznt az āt z biyñ md, bt âr intrpṛtr z Sājnt n it z sīn ʈru hiz îz. Amñ ɖ mastrpìsz in ɖs žãra r An Ātist in hiz Stydio, dpictñ ɖ Itałn pêntr Ambrojo Raf̦ele; Ɖ Fânṭn, a picčr v Jên d’Glên scečñ wočt bî hr huzbnd Wilfrid, n Villa Torre Galli: Ɖ Lôja, ẇr Sr Wiłm Blêc Ričmnd n Wilfrid d’Glên cnfrunt wn anɖr fṛm oṗzit cwnrz v ɖ spês.”
The Fountain, Villa Torlonia, Frascati, Italy, 1907. Oil on canvas 71.4 x 56.5 cm
A Gentleman in Adoration before the Madonna, Italian, c1560. Photograph: The National Gallery, London
A Gentleman in Adoration Before the Baptism of Christ, c1555-60. Photograph: Gerolamo and Roberta Etro
Gian Gerolamo Grumelli, c1560. Photograph: Lucretia Moroni Collection, Bergamo
Antonio Navagero by Giovanni Battista Moroni, 1565. Photograph: Photoservice ElectaUIG/Rex
Young Lady, c1560-65. Photograph: Private collection
The Tailor (‘Il Tagliapanni’) by Giovanni Battista Moroni. The National Gallery, London. Date painted: 1565-70. Oil on canvas, 99.5 x 77 cm. Collection: The National Gallery
Gian Girolamo Albani, c1570. Photograph: Private collection
“Jvani Bațista Moroni wz wn v ɖ grtst pwtritists v 16ʈ senčri Iṭli. Femd fr hiz gift fr capčrñ ɖ xct lîcṇs v hiz sitrz, h crietd pwtrits ɖt r az peṇtretñ n pârfl nâ az ɖe wr mr ɖn 400 yirz ago. Y wl b trnsfixt bî ɖer sîc̣lojicl depʈ n imījsi.
Ɖs z ɖ frst comprihnsv xibišn v ɖ ātist’s wrc in ɖ YC. W hv ṣlctd nt onli hiz rmāc̣bl pwtrits bt olso hiz lsr-nôn rlijs wrcs, ẇč wl b šôn sîd bî sîd. Amñ ɖm wl b nvr-bfr xibitd ōltrpìsz fṛm ɖ črčz v Berġmo n pêntñz md fr prîvt dvošn ɖt rflct ɖ ny rlijs îdiylz v hiz tîm.
Moroni’z pwtrits dpict ɖ ppl v ɖ wrld n tîm in ẇč h livd, fṛm elignt men n wimin v hî ssayti šôn in glitrñ dres t membrz v ɖ midl clas ingejd in ɖer trêd. Wn sč wrc z Ɖ Têlr, az hîli prezd in its tîm az it z nâ (reṿlušnri – Joṇʈn Jônz, Ɖ Gādịn). Ẇt ol v hiz wrcs šer z a stātlñ načṛlizm n vîtaḷti, rerli mačt bî uɖr ātists v ɖ pirı̣d n antisipetñ ɖ riylistc stîl v Caṛvajio n, lêtr, Mane.
Incumṗsñ hiz intîr c̣rir, ɖs xibišn z a loñ ovrdy seḷbrešn v an ātist ahd v hiz tîm n rîp fr rīdiscuvri.”
