Tag Archives: electoral reform

Fṛm Đ Gardịn: Today’s elections are the last before the Tories vandalise our democratic rights

A protest against the elections bill in Parliament Square, London, in February. Photograph: Hollie Adams/Getty Images
A protest agnst ɖ ilex́nzbil in Parḷmnt Sqer, Lundn, in Febrri. Foṭgraf: Hóli Admz/Geti Iṃjz

Tde’z ilex́nz r ɖ last bfr ɖ Tōriz vanḍlîz ǎr deṃcratic rîts

(Transcription of an article published in the Guardian on 5 May 2022)

Ɖ ilex́nzbil wl dtŕ non-Tori s’portrz fṛm votñ n scrap eni oṿsît. Rform z nīdd mor ɖn evr bfr

Polly Toynbee

Poli Tônbi, Ʈrzde, 5 Me 2022

Tde z ɖ last tîm y wl g t ɖ poulz bfr ɖ guvnmnt’s śemfl n śemlis ny ilex́nzbil bcmz lw. It wz sqizd ʈru parḷmnt lêt at nît last wīc in ɖ fînl “woś-up” v bad bilz bfr ɖ end v ɖ seśn.

Ɖ bil’z Trumpiś votrs’preśn z dzînd t dtŕ pur n yuñ ppl fṛm votñ. Its pasñ olso mcs ɖz ɖ last ilex́nz t b monitrd n scrūṭnîzd bî a jenyinli indipndnt Ilectṛl Cmiśn. Ɖs hbić̣li timid ǎtfit traid t stand p fr itslf: “Ɖ indipndns v ɖ Ilectṛl Cmiśn z vîtl t ɖ fuñṣ́nñ v a hlʈi dmocṛsi,” it sd. Bt, az v nǎ, Boris Jonsn n hiz alîz wl set ɖer ǒn trmz fr ɖ cmiśn, includñ its scrūṭni v fînans.

Evri votr wl nīd a foto ID fṛm nǎ on, so 7.5% v votrz, or 3.5 miłn ppl, wɖt a drîvñlîsns or a pasport wl hv t b dtrmind inuf t trec t ɖer locl caunsl ofis, hv ɖer foto tecn n fil ǎt an apḷceśn wɖ a cǎnṭsigṇćr. It’s wrʈ notñ ɖt ɖ DVLA n ɖ Pasport Ofis r in crîsis: jst trî bcñ an rjnt pasportslot. Enwn lcñ at ǎr votñpatnz wd wuri abt tù fy ppl trnñ ǎt, nt ppl votñ twîs. Ɖ risc v “prṣneśn” – ćītñ on îdntti – z miṇskl: in 2017 ɖr wz wn cnvix́n, in 2018 nn at ol. In a grosli unfer n undeṃcratic ilectṛl sistm, ɖ proḅti n oṇsti v its oṗreśn z ɖ wn aspect t b prǎd v.

Ɖ Tori-léd public admiṇstreśn n consttyśnl aferz cmiti pṛdyst a devstetñ condmneśn v ɖ bil. Ɖe esṭmetd 2.3% v votrz wd b dtrd fṛm votñ, or 1.1 miłn ppl, hu wd probbli b ɖoz on lo incmz, fṛm eʈnic mnoṛtiz n wɖ dis’biḷtiz. Ɖe wornd ɖt tù mć arbitrri dscreśn wd b left t poulñsteśn stāf t axpt or rjct ID, cōzñ kz n rǎz.

F y dǎt ɖs z a cnspiṛsi t stop non-Tōriz votñ, lc at ɖ onli ID ɖt z axptbl bynd pasports n drîvñlîsnsz: pnśnrz wl b alaud t yz ɖ oldr prsn’z buspas, Ôstr 60+ or Sīńr 60+ SmartPas – ẃl yuñ ppl wl b bàrd fṛm yzñ ɖer relcardz. Ɖ guvnmnt rjctd Lord Wilits’ amndmnt 86 trayñ t includ a wîd renj v dokmnts fr ol ejz. Oldr ppl r ɖ mn yzrz v postl vots – ẃć w’nt rqîr ID. Ol ɖs z śrli nt unc̣nctd wɖ ɖ Tōriz’ 47-pônt līd amñ ɖ ovr-65z, n Lebr’z 43-pônt līd amñ undr 25z az v 2019.

Ɖ Spectetr hz cîndli asmbld no fywr ɖn 11 raitñz n seyñz bî Jonsn xcorietñ ID cardz, startñ wɖ, “I loɖ ɖ îdīa on prínsipl. I nvr wont t b cmandd, bî eni eṃneśn v ɖ Britiś stet, t pṛdys evidns v mî îdntti … I wl tec ɖt card ǎt v mî wolit n fizicli īt it.” Bt nǎ ID cardz srv hiz onli rmenñ p’liticl prṗs: t gt riilectd.

Ɖ bil’z uɖr aboṃneśn cnsrnz ɖ reḷtivli ny meṛl n p’līs n crîm cmiśnr ilex́nz: it swīps awe ɖ preznt secnd-prefṛns sistm in fevr v ɖ unferist v ol, ɖ antīc frst past ɖ post (FPTP). Ẃ? Bcz Tōriz r mor lîcli t win undr FPTP. Ɖr r mor anti-Tori pṛgresiv votrz, hu transfr ɖer secnd prefṛnsz t anɖr pṛgresiv parti, bt rerli t a Tori.

Az Nìl Lwsn, hu advcets a pṛgresiv alayns, rout eḷqntli ɖs wīc, a mjoṛti-pṛgresiv vot z yẓ́li dzastṛsli dvîdd. Tde, in 82% v ilex́nz ɖr wl b at līst tū pṛgresiv canddets splitñ ɖer vot, standñ agnst jst wn Cnsrṿtiv, acordñ t Jon Narcros v ɖ Ilectṛl-Rform Ssayti. Pṛporśnl repriznteśn (PR) wd, t boro a frêz, “levl up” vots, so ɖe d’nt pîl p westd. PR nǎ gts stroñ public s’port, acordñ t YGuv, wɖ 44% in fevr, n onli 27% fr frst past ɖ post.

Ɖ last wīc, wɖ sevn frunt pejz v ɖ Meil n uɖrz pîlñ in, trayñ t mc Cir Starmr’z bir n curi on ɖ campen trel az bad az Dǎnñ Strīt’s 12 partiz, z jst anɖr grim rmîndr v ɖ monstṛs heft v ɖ rîtwñ pres, yzd unscrūpyḷsli t sev its multimiłner ǒnrz fṛm ɖ perilz v Lebr in pǎr.

Lebr, f it bcmz ɖ bigist parti at ɖ nxt jenṛl ilex́n, mst līd ɖ we t ilectṛl rform. Lebr z hîli unlîcli t win alon, so ɖs tîm ɖ Libṛl Deṃcrats n ol ɖ uɖr partiz mst dmand PR imīɉtli, az its frst act or rfyz eni cooṗreśn on enʈñ els. Ɖr z no nīd fr a reḟrendm, jst d it. Reḟrenḍmz r toxic poḷtics – n ɖ Tōriz cn hardli cmplen ẃn ɖe hv jerimandrd, pṛrogd n s’prest opozñ vots, ɖer mndeśs presclac dstortñ eni fer vôs, wɖ totl disrigard fr ẃt z nǎ a brocn consttyśn. Jonsn hz cild of Pītr Heṇsi’z ʈiyri v a “gd ćaps” consttyśn, wn in ẃć practiśnrz hold dir nt jst ɖ rūlz ɖmslvz bt olso ɖer spirit.

So ẃt śd pṛgresiv “gd ćaps”, b ɖe mel or fīmel, d at ɖ cloz v a Jonsn ira? Ɖt mć z clir. Ɖe śd fīl fri t intṛdys a votñsistm ɖt wl stop eni c’rupt parti wɖ a mnoṛti v vots evr guṿnñ alon agn wɖ dicttorịl pǎrz.

Instroduction to Ñspel

Fṛm ɖ Gardịn │ In an era of electoral fragmentation, Labour must learn to embrace power-sharing

Illustration by Bill Bragg.
Iḷstreśn bî Bil Brag.

In an ira v ilectṛl fragmnteśn, Lebr mst lrn t imbres pǎrśẹrñ

(Transcription of a Guardian article of 28 April 2022)

Ɖ Frenć ilex́n śoud hǎ ilectṛl sistmz śep poḷtics. In ɖ YC, abandnñ frst-past-ɖ-post cd b trnsforṃtiv

Martin Kettle

Martin Cetl, Ʈrzde 28 Epril 2022

Y  hv got t hand it t Charles de Gaulle. Ɖ ilectṛl sistm h crietd fr Frans’z Fifʈ Rpublic hz std ɖ tst v tîm. Mor ɖn six decedz on, ɖs wīc’s riilex́n v De Gaulle’z lêtist s’xesr, Emmanuel Macron, z a rmîndr ɖt ɖ ptiklaṛtiz v ilectṛl sistmz cn set ɖ trmz v a neśn’z poḷtics mor lastñli ɖn w smtmz alǎ. Ɖr’z a mesij fr Britn ɖr tù, bt w wl cm on t ɖt.

De Gaulle’z consttyśn, cnstructd btwn 1958 n 1962, emd at tū golz in ptiklr. Ɖ frst wz t impǎr De Gaulle n hiz s’xesrz t guvn az xektiv prezidnts, imbodiyñ ẃt ɖ jenṛl’z bîogṛfr Jūłn Jacsn cōld “a srtn îdīa v Frans”. Ɖ secnd em wz t cīp ɖ Frenć left, n ɖ Coḿnist parti in ptiklr, ǎt v pǎr fr az loñ az poṣbl.

Ɖ sistm wrct wel fr mor ɖn tū decedz, ispeṣ́li ẃl ɖ impirịsli caṛzmatic De Gaulle wz stl alîv, bfr François Mitterrand deftli rīśept ɖ left ẃl ɖ coḿnists slid intu hisṭri. Sins Mitterrand’z ira, hvr, bʈ ɖ old left n ɖ old rît hv fragmntd intu multipl smōlr partiz. Yt De Gaulle’z ilectṛl sistm wz stl r’bust inuf ɖs wīc t dspać Frans’z xtrim rît vri ifctivli, n fr ɖ ʈrd tîm sins ɖ mleńm. Chapeau t ɖ jenṛl fr ɖt.

Mć v ɖ asesmnt v ɖ 2022 ilex́n hz bn rɖr grujñ abt Macron’z vicṭri. It hz consntretd on hiz prsnl alūfnis, on ɖ ic̣nomic n sośl probḷmz ahd, on ɖ dclîn in hiz mjoṛti sins 2017, n on ɖ 41.5% śer aćivd bî Marine Le Pén in ɖ secnd rǎnd. Ɖz r importnt ʈñz. Ɖ naśnl-asmbli ilex́nz in Jūn wl b mć mesịr. Bt ɖ jujmnts on ɖ preẓdnśl contest unḍple bʈ ɖ rǒl v ɖ Gaullist consttyśn itslf n v Macron’z s’xes in masṭrñ it, smʈñ ẃć iludd hiz tū prīdisesrz, Nicolas Sarkozy n François Hollande.

Macron’z riilex́n śoz ɖt De Gaulle’z sistm stl hz gas in ɖ tanc. Hiz 28% vot in ɖ frst rǎnd on 10 Epril wz at ɖ upr end v ɖ frst-rǎnd scorz aćivd bî most rīsnt Frenć preẓdnśl victrz, ɖo a wrld awe fṛm De Gaulle’z ǒn 45% in ɖ frst rǎnd in 1965. In olmst eni uɖr dmocṛsi, Macron’z 17-pônt marjin v vicṭri ovr Le Pén in ɖ secnd rǎnd wd b rgardd az spectaklr. Bt ɖ rzults obskr ẃt z roñ wɖ ɖ sistm.

Ɖ tū-rǎnd ilectṛl mandet rmenz De Gaulle’z ambivḷnt leġsi t Frenć poḷtics. Hiz consttyśn gvz prezidnts an oʈoṛti ɖt z bʈ riyl (bcz it pṛdysz a clir winr) n iluẓri (bcz most ppl vot fr smwn els or d’nt vot at ol). Ɖ comḅneśn v ɖt mixt mandet n xektiv pǎr svîvz – fr nǎ. Yt it z an incrisñli unstebl wn, ispeṣ́li in a cuntri wɖ Frans’z vigṛs tṛdiśn v strītpoḷtics. Ɖ sistm gvz a vôs t ɖ dvrs p’liticl stansz caṛcṭristic v eni modn dmocṛsi, ẃl olso cuṿrñ ɖm ovr.

Ilectṛl fragmnteśn z nǎ an imbedd fīćr v mni 21st-snć̣ri dmocṛsiz. Ɖ dvîd in ɖ frst rǎnd v Frans’z preẓdnśl ilex́nz z lîc mni similr wnz amñ tde’z Yṛpiyn ilectṛts. Last yir’z Jrmn ilex́n wz a ptiklrli noṭbl ces. Topicli, it olso berz cmparisn wɖ ɖ dvîd in ɖ run-up t Norɖn Îrḷnd’z crūśl asmbli ilex́n nxt wīc.

Mni ppl r stl tmtd t trīt poḷtics az a batl btwn a larj parti v ɖ left n a larj parti v ɖ rît. Mni facts n figrz b’lai ɖs. In Frans, ɖ for strongist finiśrz on 10 Epril capćrd 28%, 23%, 22% n 7% v ɖ vot rspctivli. In Jrṃni last yir, ɖ top for hd 26%, 24%, 15% n 13%. In Norɖn Îrḷnd (ẃr ɖ dvîdz r nt mirli left-rît), ɖ lêtist poulz śo ɖ for strongist partiz r Sinn Féin on 26%, Deṃcratic Yńnists 19%, Alayns 16% n Ulstr Yńnists 13%.

F Norɖn Îrḷnd wz ilectñ a prezidnt undr ɖ Frenć tū-rǎnd sistm, ɖs wd mīn ɖr wd b a secnd-rǎnd run-of btwn Miśél O’Nīl v Sinn Féin n Jefri Donldsn v ɖ DYP. Ɖt’s nvr gwñ t hapn, forćṇtli fr Norɖn Îrḷnd, bcz it wd fyl a hoļi secterịn dnamic. Bt it iḷstrets ɖ inbilt wìcnis v eni ilectṛl sistm, sć az Frans’z, ẃć trnzlets mnoṛtis’port in ɖ frst rǎnd intu a mjoṛterịn mandet in ɖ secnd.

Norɖn Îrḷnd’z vri dlibṛtli dz nt d ɖs. It z rūtd instd in ɖ pǎrśẹrñ prínsiplz n pracṭcaḷtiz v ɖ 1998 Gd Frîde agrīmnt. Ɖs mīnz ɖt Sinn Féin’z xpctd frst-ples finiś on 5 Me wd in riaḷti b a vicṭri v onli a liṃtd cnd, olbiit wn wɖ hedlîn-nyz valy wrldwîd n inorṃs simbolic mīnñ. Ɖt a teritri ɖt wz crietd 101 yirz ago sṗsificli t cut itslf adrift fṛm Îriś rpublic̣nizm śd nǎ ilect a frst ministr fṛm ɖt sem rpublicn tṛdiśn z a mîlston in enwn’z lanḡj.

In ɖoz srcmstansz, ɖo, ɖ ćansz v ɖ DYP agriyñ t noṃnet a depyti frst ministr t wrc alñsd O’Nīl az frst ministr r rmot. Ɖ sem gz fr ɖ posbiḷti v an rli reḟrendm on Îriś yniḟceśn. It z mć mor lîcli ɖt ɖ fełr v ɖ tū mn partiz t wrc tgɖr (bʈ v ɖm me lūz śer v ɖ vot sins ɖ last contest in 2017) wl hesn ɖ rtrn v d’rect rūl fṛm Lundn. F ɖ YC guvnmnt olso średz ɖ Norɖn Îrḷnd proṭcol, az Lord Frost rjd it t d in a spīć on Wnzde, pǎrśẹrñ wl agn b left hî n drî.

Ilectṛl sistmz matr. Jrṃni, Frans n Norɖn Îrḷnd iḷstret sm v ɖ difṛnt wez ɖs wrcs. Bt ɖe r nt unyźl. Ilectṛl sistmz d nt onli rflect poḷtics; ɖe olso śep ɖ we poḷtics z cnductd. Ɖs gz fr Britn tù. Ɖ frst-past-ɖ-post sistm rūtīnli trnz an ilectṛl mnoṛti intu a cnstitẏnsi vicṭri or a parḷmntri mjoṛti. It z part v ɖ rīzn ẃ ǎr poḷtics lcs n sǎndz ɖ we it dz. N it z incrisñli indifnsbl in ɖ pluṛlistic p’liticl clîṃt v ɖ 21st snć̣ri.

Britn’z nxt jenṛl ilex́n me rtrn anɖr huñ parḷmnt, in ẃć ɖ ilectṛt vots fr ćenj bt dz nt gv eni wn parti ɖ mandet t guvn. Rplesmnt v ɖ frst-past-ɖ-post sistm wl nvr b a big dorstep iśu. Bt it wd b a trnsforṃtiv act fr Britn, n wn ɖt a mnoṛti Lebr guvnmnt cd dlivr. Ɖs cuntri’z damijd dmocṛsi z in nīd v its ǒn form v pǎrśẹrñ. It wd b a hyj step twdz crietñ any a srtn îdīa v Britn.

MOR ARTICLZ Fṛm Đ Gardịn

Instroduction to Ñspel

Fṛm Đ Gardịn │ If Labour doesn’t fight our broken electoral system, it could be out of power for ever

London mayor Sadiq Khan launching his campaign for re-election, March 2020. Photograph: Andy Rain/EPA
Lundn mẹr Sadiq Cān lōnćñ hiz campen fr riilex́n, Marć 2020. Foṭgraf: Andi Ren/YPA

F Lebr dz’nt fît ǎr brocn ilectṛl sistm, it cd b ǎt v pǎr fr evr

(Transcription of a Guardian article of 18 March 2021)

Priti Ptel’z ćenjz t meṛl ilex́nz intrenć ɖ unfer frst-past-ɖ-post sistm ɖt fevrz ɖ Cnsrvtivz

Poli Tônbi, 18 Marć 2021

Ɖs cuntri z in rvrsgir. Fīl ɖ tîdl tug bcwdz in evrʈñ fṛm xtrim iniqoḷti, t rîzñ inḟntmortaḷti n a rtrit fṛm ci inṭnaśnl alaynsz. Ɖ lêtist rgreśn z ɖ homsecṛtri’z anǎnsmnt ɖt tîni steps twdz a modn votñsistm r t b stamt ǎt. Mẹrz n p’līs n crîm cmiśnrz wl b ilectd on ɖ sem rotn frst-past-ɖ-post (FPƉP) dispṛporśṇt sistm az ɖ Hǎs v Comnz n caunslz.

Untl nǎ ɖoz ilex́nz hv bn run on a supḷmntri-vot sistm, oḟrñ a frst n secnd ćôs: f no canddet gts ovr haf v frst prefṛnsz, ɖ top tū canddets hv a runof, cǎntñ secnd prefṛnsz v ɖ luzrz, gaṛntiyñ ɖ winr’z apruvl bî ovr haf ɖ ilectṛt.

Ɖs sistm hz opnd ɖ dor t indpndnts n smōlr partiz. A votr cd risc ćuzñ Grīn or Ycip frst, wɖ a bacstop secnd ćôs t cīp ǎt ɖer most hetd opśn. Ɖs rpresiv muv wl cut ǎt ny-cmrz, s’krñ ɖ dyoṗli v ɖ tū old partiz. Ẃ d ɖt, ẃn YGuv poulñ śoz 44% v ppl in Britn wont t ćenj t a mor pṛporśnl sistm, agnst 28% opozd? Ppl wel unḍstand ɖ cnspiṛsi t dnî ɖm ćôs: caunslz sć az Havnt in Hampśr ilect onli Tori caunslrz, ɖo 54% votd uɖ̇wz.

Ẃ wd ɖ Tōriz rvrt t FPƉP? Pyr jerimanḍrñ. W cn soulsrć fr dīpr rīznz fr ɖ Cnsrvtivz’ cntinywñ dominns in Wsminstr, bt ɖ gretist cōz z FPƉP ilex́nz. Ɖ guvnmnt z aboḷśñ secnd prefṛnsz bcz Tori canddets r ɖ secnd ćôs v mni fywr votrz. Ɖ rît drouv ǎt, via Brexit, a pṛporśnl sistm fr ɖ Yṛpiyn parḷmnt bî abandnñ it: nǎ ɖe drîv it ǎt v ɖ rmenñ ilex́nz ɖt xpoz hǎ ppl vot wns frìd fṛm ɖ FPƉP stretjacit. A ʈrd v ppl wr forst t vot tacticli in ɖ jenṛl ilex́n v 2019.

Ol ɖs ɖ Tōriz unḍstand, n Lebr mst tù: ǎt v ɖ last 20 ilex́nz sins 1950, 19 hv hd a mjoṛti v votrz ćuzñ partiz t ɖ left v ɖ Tōriz, yt ɖ Cnsrvtivz hv sizd pǎr tū-ʈrdz v ɖ tîm. Boris Jonsn wún hiz 80-sīt mjoṛti on a jst 1.3% incris in votśer ovr T’rīza Me’z lost mjoṛti in 2017.

Cǎntñ vots bî cnstitẏnsi hlps ɖ mor jịgraficli dsprst Tōriz, az Lebr vots r consntretd incrisñli in ŕbn eriaz, dnayñ a naśnl deṃcratic rzult. Ɖt’s ẃ it tc 50,835 vots t ilect a Lebr MP, bt onli 38,264 t ilect a Tori, 336,038 fr a Libṛl Deṃcrat n a śocñ 865,697 fr a Grīn.

Ɖs z’nt jst a Britiś fnominn. A 2015 pepr in ɖ Britiś Jrnl v P’liticl Sayns faund ɖt, in istabliśt dmocṛsiz sins ɖ secnd wrldwor, “cuntriz wɖ mjoṛterịn rūlz mor ofn ilect cnsrvtiv guvnmnts ɖn ɖoz wɖ pṛporśnl-repriznteśn ilectṛl sistmz… Mjoṛterịn sistmz hv a sbstantiv cnsrvtiv bays.”

Ɖt’s ẃ no Tori MPz bac a pṛporśnl sistm fr ɖ Comnz, acordñ t ɖ Ilectṛl Rform Ssayti. Instd ɖ parti jerimandrz bî planñ t brñ in ÎD rqîrmnts at poulñsteśnz, a YS rîtwñrz’ we t bar purr votrz, ɖ non-drîvrz, non-pasportholdrz n rentrz frīqntli muvñ rezidns. It stamps on atmts t gv 16-yir-olds ɖ vot ɖt ɖe hv loc̣li in Scotḷnd n Wêlz. Litl eḟt z invstd in updetñ ilectṛl rejistrz, az Lebr votrz r at most risc v xcluźn. Ɖ nxt bǎnḍri ćenjz bî 2024 wl criet mor Tori sīts in ɖ sǎʈ, az Lebr pîlz p westd ŕbn vots.

A devstetñ rport fṛm Cumṗs xpozz ɖ nir-imposbiḷti v Lebr winñ alon at ɖ nxt ilex́n. W Dvîd, Ɖe Concr, bî Gres Barnit n Nìl Lwsn, śoz Lebr nǎ nīdz at līst a 10.52% swñ, gretr ɖn in 1945 n 1997. Ɖs grim anaḷsis śd b cmpulsri rīdñ fr evri Lebr MP, membr n s’portr. Ɖs mcs an iṛfytbl ces fr a páct v sm cnd btwn ol sntr n sntr-left partiz. Ɖ rport fîndz ɖer 2019 maṇfestoz rmarcbli similr. It mt tec opn prîṃriz, stand-asîdz or, at ɖ vri līst, tacticl ilex̣́nirñ. Ɖr r vrć̣li no LibDem-Lebr contests, az olmst ol LibDem wiṇbl sīts cnfrunt Tori MPz. A pṛgresiv alayns winñ jst wns on a platform cmitd t ilectṛl rform wd ćenj ɖ p’liticl lanscep fr evr. N, v cors, ɖ Tōriz nǒ it.

Cir Starmr inḍcets opņis t rform. Lebr hz mni mor MPz in fevr v pṛporśnl repriznteśn nǎ ɖn in ɖ darc dez ẃn dîṇsorz sć az Jac Strw stopt Toni Bler fṛm impḷmentñ Rô Jncinz’ cmiśn on PR. Gordn Brǎn z hedñ a consttyśnl rvy, radicl on dīṿluśn n ɖ Hǎs v Lordz, bt ɖ parti nīdz t tec ɖ plunj fr PR or it wl nvr b in pǎr t ćenj enʈñ. Start mcñ ɖ brōdr ces nǎ bî vsifṛsli opozñ ɖ guvnmnt’s atmt t riimpoz FPƉP on ɖz ilex́nz. Hir’z ɖ ćôs fr Lebr: śer pǎr most v ɖ tîm, or b ǎt v pǎr most v ɖ tîm – or, poṣbli, fr evr.

Poli Tônbi z a Gardịn coḷmnist

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MOR ARTICLZ Fṛm Đ Gardịn

Instroduction to Ñspel